Finally, co-staining the tissue section used for the Vectra mIHC experiment with an anti-CXCL13 antibody by standard IHC, followed by co-localization analysis of tumor cells and CXCL13-positive cells, provided visual confirmation that tumor cells are the primary expressors of CXCL13 (Fig. 5k, Supplementary Fig. 6e). Here, CXCL13 is linked to neoplasm.