Tumor cell proliferation was significantly reduced in the organoids treated with F. nucleatum and the anti-PD-L1 mAb compared with those treated only with F. nucleatum (Fig. 6a, b), and tumor cell apoptosis was significantly increased in F. nucleatum and an anti-PD-L1 mAb-treated organoids (Fig. 6a, c and Supplementary Fig. 10c). The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is neoplasm.