Moreover, after co-cultured with exosomes derived from MHCC-97H cells, macrophages expressed much higher PD-L1 than HCC cells (including MHCC-97H-shNT and MHCC-97H-shGOLM1 cells) (Fig. 5i), corresponding to the results in vivo. Here, CD274 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.