These effects could be attributed to the up‐regulation of p53/p21, FoxO3a‐p27/p15, and Smad3 and the down‐regulation of cdc25A, CDK4/6, and cyclin D1/3, which indicated that CK inhibited colorectal cancer growth via multiple pathways including p53‐p21 interactions (Zhang et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene TP53 and colorectal cancer.