As in adults, Gag- and Pol-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in early life contribute somewhat to improved control of viraemia, but a median breadth of only one Gag-specific response over the first 5 years of life in HIV-infected children [45] explains the modest impact on viraemia compared with broad Gag-specific responses generated within weeks of infection observed in adult controllers [60]. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and infection.