The trait pairs include 13 traits: fasting proinsulin (FP), height, homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA), LDL, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), schizophrenia (SCZ), T2D, age at smoking, anorexia nervosa, childhood IQ, ever/never smoked, former current smoker, and infant head circumference. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.