TNF and epilepsy: Previous findings provide strong support for the involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of epilepsy with elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-α, and TNF-α (De Simoni et al., 2000; Vezzani and Granata 2005; de Vries et al., 2016).