TNF and nephritis: On the other hand, studies performed on mice with induced DM have also demonstrated the role of SGLT2i in the decrease of kidney inflammation, showing a significant reduction in the renal expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and the monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), as well as urinary markers of renal inflammation (IL-6) and the suppression of apoptotic markers like the suppression of caspase-3.