Based on the fact that the serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) is correlated with T1D, one study first found downregulated methylation of the IGFBP1 gene in T1D patients, and T1D patients with DN showed a higher concentration of IGFBP-1 than the other two groups (Gu et al., 2014). This evidence concerns the gene IGFBP1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.