TXNIP and diabetes mellitus: Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is a member of the thioredoxin (TRX) system and an endogenous regulator of redox/glucose-induced stress and inflammation; it is also essential for maintaining the cellular redox status balance and is involved in various disorders including sepsis, traumatic brain injury, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) [16–19].