These findings along with our data showing an abrogation of tumor protection following CD8+ T cell depletion (Fig. 5), suggest that isoform-specific and pan-TGFβ inhibition mediate anti-tumor efficacy via CD8+ T cells and that targeting TGFβ1 or TGFβ3 can result in enhanced CD8+ T cell effector functions. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.