As anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 are established therapies that are utilized in the clinic, we hypothesized that the addition of ICB to anti-TGFβ therapy has the potential to induce durable complete responses that are infrequently seen with TGFβ inhibition alone in transplantable cancer models12,16. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.