INS and Other metabolic disease: The protein–protein interaction network and functional enrichment analyses revealed that signature of pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs was significantly enriched in various signaling pathways associated with lipid metabolism, fibrosis, and inflammatory responses, including focal adhesion (q = 5.7E−04), chemokine signaling pathway (q = 5.5E−03), NAFLD (q = 6.2E−03), NF-κB signaling pathway (q = 8.7E−03), insulin signaling pathway (q = 1.1E−02), and PPAR signaling pathway (q = 4.2E−02) (Fig. 2F, G, Additional file 2: Table S8), all of which are closely associated with metabolic diseases, including NASH [6].