TNF and infection: In addition, ASFV-ΔH240R infection induced high-level inflammatory cytokine expression associated with the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, including TNF-α, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), and IL-10, in primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) compared with that induced by the wild-type ASFV HLJ/2018, resulting in partial growth defect.