Real‐time quantitative PCR analysis showed that the mRNA expressions of fibrosis markers Collagen‐I (Col‐I) and Collagen‐III (Col‐III), as well as heart failure markers atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and skeletal α‐actin (ACTA‐1), were all significantly upregulated following MI (Figure 2C‐G). Here, ACTA1 is linked to heart failure.