The genes involved in processing of cytotoxic agents and other xenobiotics were enriched in high UBE2S expression group, which was similar with that in high FOXM1 expression group by performing the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) based on TCGA-LIHC database, which further supported that UBE2S is upregulated by FOXM1, promoting chemoresistance in HCC cells (Fig. 3J, K). This evidence concerns the gene UBE2S and hepatocellular carcinoma.