TNF and Sepsis: There are numerous toxins and inflammatory factors in the circulation after sepsis, such as LPS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, etc., which directly interfere with cell survival, proliferation ability, and barrier function in VECs, and this leads to endothelial leakage, apoptosis, even cell death, and further aggravates the organ dysfunction after sepsis [8–10, 50, 51].