Taken together, these findings indicate that, in jejunal crypts from patients with obesity, DB altered the expression of immune factors (antimicrobial peptides, mucins, cytokines) and induced a mild stress response that led to the upregulation of mitokine genes that control food intake (GDF15, ADM2) (28, 29) and lipoprotein homeostasis (LDLR). This evidence concerns the gene LDLR and obesity disorder.