We also observed this extensive ECM modelling in β1 integrin-deficient lesions that resumed tumour growth and progressed into late invasive carcinoma, arguing the importance of CAFs during the exit phase of dormancy (Fig. S5c, d).Given that the pro-tumourigenic role of CAFs is well established through their ability to create a permissive TME by ECM remodelling and cytokine secretion [20], we hypothesised that the accumulation CAFs during tumour dormancy period promotes dormant β1 integrin-deficient cells to regain proliferative capacity. This evidence concerns the gene TBX1 and invasive carcinoma.