IL17A and neoplasm: Th17 cells have complex roles in immune system function as they can mediate both appropriate and maladaptive responses in infectious and inflammatory disorders.44 Their roles in CRC models are similarly complex, exemplified by disruption of IL-17 signaling that leads to either increased or decreased tumor burden depending on the pre-clinical model.45 Extensive work in ETBF has revealed the pro-tumorigenic potential for this pathway in oncomicrobe-mediated intestinal tumorigenesis.