TNF and pulmonary fibrosis: This anti-inflammatory effect of piperine through TNF-α reduction has been previously proved in microcystin-induced hepatotoxicity (Abdel-Daim et al., 2019), bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis (Zaafan et al., 2016; Zaafan et al., 2019), isoprenaline-induced myocarditis (Viswanadha et al., 2020; Zaafan et al., 2021), and chronic pancreatitis (Choi et al., 2019a).