These candidate genes are associated with various cellular functions and signaling pathways such as apoptosis (DAPK1); microtubule instability and cell cycle and mitotic arrest (RASSF1A); suppression of Wnt/β catenin signaling pathway (SFRP1 and SOX1); cell differentiation (HOXA9); cell adhesion, tumor invasion and angiogenesis (SPARC); and transcriptional repression and invasion (HIC1) (Gloss and Samimi, 2014; Grimm et al., 2019; Singh et al., 2019). Here, SPARC is linked to neoplasm.