Concerning the effects on human health with pure GSLs, Wise and coworkers (57) found no differences in Nrf2 target gene expression such as NQO1, HO1, aldo-keto reductase Family 1 Member C1 (AKR1C1), and aldo-keto reductase Family 1 Member C3 (AKR1C3) in alveolar macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells after intervention with 150 μmol SFN daily by mouth for 4 weeks in smoker subjects with physician diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This evidence concerns the gene AKR1C3 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.