HMGB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Thus, to determine whether the AMPK/mTOR pathway was involved in regulation of HMGB1-mediated autophagy in HCC cells, we measured AMPK and mTOR phosphorylation, markers of autophagy, p62, and apoptosis-related protein cleaved PARP in DOX-induced cells with or without AMPK inhibitor Compound C (10 μM) and mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (10 nM) treatments after transfection with the HMGB1 cDNA plasmid or HMGB1 siRNA.