HIV-1 infection increases expression of HK2 through the Tat protein, as shown in vitro when treatment of primary lymphocytes and Jurkat T-cell with recombinant HIV-1 Tat protein led to an upregulation in rec and np9, and gag expression respectively by promoter activation facilitated by NF-κB and NF-AT transcription factors (Figure 3) (174, 175) which might contribute to the pathophysiology of cancer development in HIV-1 infection. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is HIV-1 infection.