MAPK3 and neoplasm: Model rats treated with a heterocyclic amine carcinogen showed that purple corn extract had an anti-tumor activity exerted through the modulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis in the mammary neoplastic lesions, due to the reduction of RAS protein level, which is commonly higher in tumors since it promotes cell growth through the Phosphatidyl Inositol 3-Kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) and Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) pathways.