Uptake of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) during PD is reported to drive pro-inflammatory signals that, in turn, trigger redox-sensitive transcription factors deemed responsible for hyper-permeability of the endothelial cell, VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) activation, chemotaxis and the release of TNF, IL-1, IL-6 into the bloodstream (Furutama et al., 2020). Here, VCAM1 is linked to Parkinson disease.