VEGFA and Hyperglycemia: Furthermore, Müller cells have been reported to secrete increased amounts of VEGF and TNFα under stress conditions like inflammation or hyperglycemia, thereby promoting retinal inflammation (Zhang et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2010; Zhong et al., 2012; He et al., 2015; Kelly et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2021).