Moreover, Th1 chemokines were basally absent in the primary cell cultures of retro-bulbar cells of GO patients; whereas their release was stimulated by IFN-γ, or IFN-γ+TNF-α stimulation (Antonelli et al., 2006a; Dong et al., 2011). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is geroderma osteodysplastica.