The collected data suggested that the hub genes, including CCL2, IL13, MAPK14, and ALOX5, were mainly associated with phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activity, G protein–coupled peptide receptor activity, and the positive regulation of cation channel activity, which are regulated by COPD drugs (Figures 3E,F). Here, MAPK14 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.