MAPK14 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: IL-17 can activate the inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB and the MAPK pathways (i.e., p38, ERK, and JNK), which regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in COPD (AudreeshbanerjeeKoziol-White and Jr, 2012; Schuliga, 2015; Le Rouzic et al., 2017).