In PD, LRRK2 kinase activity is often increased, which in turn has many downstream effects including impaired dopamine neurotransmission, dopaminergic neuronal cell death, protein synthesis and degradation defects, increased inflammatory response, and oxidative damage (Liou et al., 2008; Carballo-Carbajal et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2012; Maekawa et al., 2016; Rui et al., 2018). Here, LRRK2 is linked to Parkinson disease.