TGFB1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: TGF-β is a cytokine with multifaceted effects known to be dysregulated in neurodegenerative disorders, and influences motor neuron survival, susceptibility to glutamate excitoxicity, and non-cell autonomous mechanisms in ALS (Peters et al., 2017; Meroni et al., 2019; Galbiati et al., 2020; Russo and Wharton, 2021).