F. nucleatum infection can induce genomic instability by causing DNA damage; sustain proliferative signalling via LPS/TLR4 and FadA/E-cadherin signalling pathways; downregulate and silence tumour suppressor genes; avoid immune destruction by inhibiting T-cell and NK cell activities; generate pro-tumour inflammation by activating NF-κB signalling; and cause invasion and metastasis by inducing EMT. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and neoplasm.