TLR4 and colorectal carcinoma: Similarly, F. nucleatum has been shown to increase CRC proliferation in a mouse xenograft by activating Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling to MYD88, leading to activation of the nuclear factor NFκB and increased expression of miR21; this miRNA reduces levels of the RAS GTPase RASA1 which is responsible for controlling cell proliferation and differentiation [82].