HIF1A and Cognitive impairment: In mice prolonged exposed to inhaled anesthetics, increases in HIF-1α in the hippocampus was observed, combined with BBB disruption and cognitive dysfunction, while HIF-1α inhibitor YC-1 markedly suppressed the expression of HIF-1α, mitigated the severity of BBB disruption and attenuated cognitive deficits in the MM test [41].