Conversely, over-expression or over-activity of TGFβ signaling is a frequently observed feature in progressed malignant diseases, possibly explaining equivocal associations of TGFβ pathway genetic polymorphisms with cancer traits, as stimulation of TGFβ signaling immediately following irradiation was linked to anti-inflammatory conditions in a cellular model [36,37]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.