In a SAGE study, although APAs are considered benign tumors, several oncogenes were identified as upregulated in comparison to normal adrenal glands, among others Jun-binding protein (JAB1), avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene (v-MYC), IGF-binding protein-2 (IGFBP2), teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor (TDGF1), and nephroblastoma overexpressed gene (NOV). Here, IGFBP2 is linked to benign neoplasm.