We and others have previously shown that VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, has an immunomodulatory role since it can elicit the accumulation of Treg and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, inhibit the maturation of dendritic cells and induce the expression of immune checkpoints on CD8+ T cells in tumor-bearing hosts [2,40,41]. Here, VEGFA is linked to neoplasm.