TNF and colorectal carcinoma: Fusobacterium nucleatum has been associated with the development, progression, and metastasis of CRC [266] by the stimulation of inflammatory pathways, such as the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways [267], increased production of CXCL1 and IL-8 [268] and drug resistance [269].