CSF2 and acute myeloid leukemia: In particular, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and to some extent, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-SCF), were shown to vicariate the effect of stromal cell-conditioned medium on AML cell viability, thus were indicated as the main culprits in stroma-mediated resistance to VEN [26].