Therefore, delineating the mechanisms underlying the upregulation of PD-L1 by TAMs, and defining the role of TAM-derived PD-L1 in CD8 T cell dysfunction within the tumor microenvironment will offer important insights into tumor-TAM-anti-tumor T cell interactions within the tumor microenvironment, and help guide strategies to modulate TAM functions from immunosuppressive to immunostimulating, and reinvigorate cytotoxic T cells and other effector cells. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.