Concerning the PI3K pathway: Loss of PTEN (encoding phosphatase and the tensin homolog, also known as phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase) expression occurs in human PDAC and is associated with poor prognosis of IPMN [93]. The gene discussed is PTEN; the disease is pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm.