This is extremely important since DEN carboxylated chaperone proteins and enzymes such as HSP7C (heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein), GRP75 (75 kDa glucose regulated protein), GRP78 (78 kDa glucose regulated protein), propionyl-CoA carboxylase, catalase, and alpha enolase result in the promotion of hepatocellular carcinoma through oxidative stress and protein misfolding. Here, HSPA9 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.