ESR1 and breast carcinoma: Yuanhuatine (47) was also observed to inhibit the growth of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-positive cells MCF-7 (IC50: 0.62 μM) significantly compared to tamoxifen (IC50: 14.43 μM) through mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in ERα-positive breast cancer cells MCF-7 caused by ERα-downregulation [107]; for ERα-negative cells MDA-MB-231, either cytotoxicity or apoptosis was observed [107].