TNF and Obesity: The mechanism behind obesity conferring a heightened risk of GDM and HDP is of increasing importance to study, as maternal biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), adiponectin, plasminogen activating inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) play an important role in this pathophysiology.