CD4 and atherosclerosis: TB infection and atherosclerosis share similar inflammatory processes, which involve increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ) and the activation of immune cells (monocytes, macrophage, CD4+ T helper 1 [TH1] cells, and TH17 cells) [39].