Mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN), induced by mutations in chromosome 19 open reading frame 12 (C19orf12), was identified in 6–10% of NBIA patients, and ß-propeller-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN), caused by a mutation in tryptophan-aspartic-acid repeat domain 45 (WDR45), was identified in 1–2% of NBIA cases [28]. Here, C19orf12 is linked to neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation.