PTGS2 and colitis: Dou et al. [58] also demonstrated naringenin can improve DSS-induced murine colitis through inhibiting toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein and NF-κB activity, downregulating the expression of inflammatory mediators (iNOS, ICAM-1, MCP-1, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6) and inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6).