CARD9 and colitis: To investigate whether butyrate could mediate the MLT-improved SD-induced colitis, we observed changes in the body weight, fecal occult blood, colon length, colonic permeability, histopathological score, release of inflammatory cytokines, and expression of Card9 gene in the colon among the CON, SD, ABs, SD + ABs, SD + MLT, SD + Abs + MLT, and SD + Abs + Butyrate groups.