DPP4 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors commonly used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes have also been shown to prevent diabetic renal injury via various mechanisms; for example, inhibition of DPP-4 by linagliptin reduced obesity-related insulin resistance and inflammation through the regulation of M1/M2 macrophage status, and was further able to alleviate oxidative stress and diabetic renal injury [38].