TLR2 and atherosclerosis: Elevated TLR2 levels have already been associated with ischemia reperfusion injury, adverse remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI), contractile dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and HF after TAC; and TLR2 as well as TLR4 are, e.g., increased in the circulation during chronic HF, after acute MI and are predictive for atrial fibrillation after MI [9,10,11,12,13].