GDNF and nervous system disorder: Table 4, b and Figure 3 summarize the anti-inflammatory effects of GDNF in certain neurological diseases and the possible associated molecular mechanisms. Importantly, GDNF therapy can be combined with other neurotrophic factors enhancing their neuroprotective properties by anti-apoptotic and antioxidant activity, and reducing excitotoxicity and the M1 microglial phenotype (with pro-inflammatory properties) at the site of damage [181].